Oh, fallacies!
So.. as stupid as this may sound, I've never really known about fallacies. That is, until this year, when we learned about them. To tell あなた the truth, I felt pretty stupid after that English lesson.. not because I had never known about fallacies, but because I realized that I used them in A LOT of arguments. O.o
So I guess I just wanna 一覧 a couple of 人気 ones, and define them for any of あなた who also don't really know about fallacies, and just talk a bit about them and how I've used them before.
1. ad hominem
This is when the arguer attacks the person instead of the argument they're making.
Well well well well. I'm not sure if I do this often, because I can't bring myself to remember a time I criticized a person instead of their argument, but then again, I could have been doing it subconsciously. Here is an example of a person using the ad hominem fallacy:
Person 1: イヌ are better than cats.
Person 2: No, ネコ are better!
Person 1: イヌ are better because they are もっと見る trusting and loving than cats.
Person 2: ネコ are loving creatures too.
Person 1: I didn't say ネコ weren't loving, but イヌ are もっと見る loving than them.
Person 2: You're such an idiot! Any smart person knows that ネコ are better!
See? If あなた were the 秒 person in this argument, あなた probably even wouldn't realize that あなた were using a fallacy. Why? Because it's just a reflex あなた have when you're in an argument, and you're frustrated. It might be because あなた don't have any evidence または facts to support your side of the argument left, または maybe you're in the heat of the argument and あなた say that out of passion. Who knows… the point is it's stupid. It might not sound stupid then, but if あなた review the argument later on, あなた realize how stupid it was. What's even worse is that the person you're arguing with will probably notice that you're attacking them instead of their argument, and that doesn't give off a good impression. -.-
***
2. ad ignorantiam
When あなた state that a specific belief is true because we don't know that it's not true.
Haha! Sorry, it's just that I use this one….. A LOT. I'm Christian, and so I'm always ready to defend the existence of God, but I've never realized how often my arguments use this fallacy. Here's an example:
Atheist: God doesn't exist.
Me: Yes, He does.
Atheist: How do あなた know that?
Me: Because あなた don't know for sure that He doesn't. There isn't any real evidence.
O.O
I do this in almost any argument about religion, and I'm sure あなた do too in any kind of argument really. It's hard not to… I mean, it seems like the PERFECT response, when in fact, it isn't. I guess it's an easy-way-out, when あなた don't have any evidence to back yourself up. Heh. Quite sad really, so be careful about this one! It's hard to not use it at times..
***
3. Argument from authority
When あなた state that something is true because an individual of high authority または power says so.
"You must 愛 others because God 発言しました so." This is probably my state of mind at all times, but in this case, it isn't a bad thing because I'm not arguing with anyone, and when was loving someone a bad thing?! An example of this fallacy would be:
Person 1: Aliens exist.
Person 2: How do あなた know?
Person 1: Well, there have been UFO sightings によって airline pilots, so that's proof that they exist.
Person 2: Can あなた trust these airline pilots?
Person 1: Of course! They are trained observers, they're reliable, and don't panic in emergencies. They are completely trustworthy.
I'm not sure how many of あなた use this fallacy in your arguments, but it's understandable because it seems like common sense to trust any professional. The only thing あなた need to know is that highly educated people can sometimes be wrong~ we are human after all.
***
4. Post Hoc または Doubtful Cause
Because one event follows another, the first event must be the cause for the second.
I'm pretty sure that people do this a lot, because it seems logical, and sometimes it could be the case. However, there are other factors that can cause a situation, besides the prior event. Here is an example of this fallacy:
I didn't do my Math homework, and I failed the 次 Math test we had. My Math teacher failed me because I didn't do his/her work.
..or another example I like:
Since Obama has come into office; unemployment has increased. Obama's policies have caused もっと見る people to be unemployed.
As あなた can see, it's pretty straightforward. This fallacy is very much about assumptions, so あなた can pretty much say that whenever あなた make an assumption, あなた might be using this fallacy! Be cautious assumptive arguments.
***
5. False Analogy
Assuming a similarity between two things, people, または situations when in fact the two things being compared are not similar in any fashion.
I do this a lot, especially when I'm arguing with my brother. I guess it's because I'm trying to think of a comparison, and go with the first thing that comes to mind, which often ends up being a useless comparison. Here is an example of a false analogy:
This ミートボール パスタ tastes like heaven!
A simple harmless face…. laced with a false analogy. A ミートボール パスタ has a physical existence, whereas heaven is spiritual. Therefore, あなた cannot compare the two, because they are completely different from each other. On the other hand, あなた won't be taken to jail if あなた do, because you're merely hyperbole to express and emphasize how あなた feel about the pasta. The only time あなた shouldn't use a hyperbole is if you're trying to make a serious argument… あなた don't want to exaggerate then, but be clear and concise.
***
6. Non sequitur
When あなた make an argument in which the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.
Sounds kinda like the post hoc right? Well, it's similar in some ways, but the difference is that the post hoc is due to a lack of a casual connect, but the non sequitur fallacy is due to a lack of a logical connection. Non sequiturs are jumps in logic, that really make no sense. Here is an example, I had to take it from this site: <link> because I actually had trouble thinking of my own:
There is a God; the Bible says God created the Earth about 6000 years ago. Therefore, the world is only about 6000 years old.
I'm not sure if I even need to say much about this, because it's pretty straightforward. I can't say that I use this fallacy a lot, but あなた can think of times when あなた might have. :P
***
7. Slippery Slope
Stating that an event will result from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question.
This is one of my favorites, because I use it a lot, and I'm sure other people do too. :D Don't like.. there is one point in your life when you've done this. Probably for emphasis または something, because this fallacy seems like the kind あなた purposely use, not accidentally. Eh, any-who… Here's an example:
We have to stop global warming, otherwise in a couple of years, we'll all be dead!
…another famous one:
あなた can never give anyone a break. If あなた do, they'll walk over you.
Slippery slopes usually jump a couple of steps, so instead of going from Point A to Point B, あなた end up going from Point A to Point E. So, even though global warming is ruining our planet, and will cause HUGE issues in the future, if あなた state your argument like I did above, it sounds quite ridiculous. Even the 秒 example may be true, but あなた can't state that giving even one person a break will cause everyone to walk over you. I think all the fallacies I've mentioned have one moral: Think before あなた speak. Lol.. otherwise, あなた end up sounding quite stupid, for lack of a better word.
***
8. Straw Man
When あなた misinterpret または set up a fake/weaker example of someone's argument, and then disagree with the fake argument.
I do this a lot, except I don't even know when I do. Whenever I argue about the existence of God, I usually do this because it's just easier than trying to argue with the real argument, lol. I don't do it on purpose though, but I'm pretty sure that all them Atheists I argue with think I am.. ^.^ Here is an example:
Boy: Dad, can we get a dog?
Father: No son.
Boy: But why?
Father: Because a dog is a lot of work, and we don't have the time and patience to take care of one.
Boy: A dog would be great protection! あなた want to leave our house unprotected!
Seems kind of silly when あなた read it, but あなた probably do that everyday if your life. Face it, あなた do. Whether on purpose または not, あなた do because that's just the way it is. Great debaters always make sure to argue with the other person's argument, and not with a straw man. I am not a great debater, so I always make that mistake. It's actually REALLY hard.. あなた have no idea. It's like a subconscious thing. :P Argh, stupid straw man.
***
9. Begging the 質問 または Circular Reasoning
Making an argument in which each stage of the argument uses the 前 stage as justification.
Basically, going around in circles. I do this a lot as well, because like most of these fallacies, it just makes things easier! It also makes a lot of sense while typing the argument, but when someone points it out and あなた re-read what あなた wrote…. yeah, it looks pretty dumb. Here is an example:
Believer: God does exist.
Non-believer: How do あなた know?
Believer: Because the Bible says so.
Non-believer: How do あなた know the Bible is saying the truth?
Believer: Because it was written によって God.
I actually googled this example, and the first time I read it, I didn't see the fallacy. It seemed like a perfectly normal and valid argument to me! Hahaha! I really need to reevaluate myself. Anyway, after the 3rd read, I got it and I had to スマック myself on the forehead, because I probably use circular reasoning a lot. :P I'm sure あなた do as well… let's face it. It's just one of those things that's 秒 nature…. または maybe that's just me.
***
10. Appeal to 人気 Opinion
When あなた claim that an idea または belief is true because it's what most people believe.
Another common one, that EVERYONE uses. Don't lie to yourself, あなた do it all the time. When あなた decide to buy the new iPhone または new 音楽 album によって Rihanna, you're using this fallacy; the only reason you're buying those items is because EVERYONE says they're great. Here is an example of this fallacy:
Me: I have to go see the Avengers!
Wendy: Why?
Me: Because it's a great movie!
Wendy: How do あなた know? あなた haven't even watched it..
Me: Because everyone says it's great!
Just a side note: the Avengers actually is a pretty epic movie, so あなた should watch it. Anyway, this fallacy is very very popular, because it's usually how we make decisions in life.. lol. However, if you're an independent, strong individual, then perhaps あなた don't succumb to using this fallacy. O.o
So.. as stupid as this may sound, I've never really known about fallacies. That is, until this year, when we learned about them. To tell あなた the truth, I felt pretty stupid after that English lesson.. not because I had never known about fallacies, but because I realized that I used them in A LOT of arguments. O.o
So I guess I just wanna 一覧 a couple of 人気 ones, and define them for any of あなた who also don't really know about fallacies, and just talk a bit about them and how I've used them before.
1. ad hominem
This is when the arguer attacks the person instead of the argument they're making.
Well well well well. I'm not sure if I do this often, because I can't bring myself to remember a time I criticized a person instead of their argument, but then again, I could have been doing it subconsciously. Here is an example of a person using the ad hominem fallacy:
Person 1: イヌ are better than cats.
Person 2: No, ネコ are better!
Person 1: イヌ are better because they are もっと見る trusting and loving than cats.
Person 2: ネコ are loving creatures too.
Person 1: I didn't say ネコ weren't loving, but イヌ are もっと見る loving than them.
Person 2: You're such an idiot! Any smart person knows that ネコ are better!
See? If あなた were the 秒 person in this argument, あなた probably even wouldn't realize that あなた were using a fallacy. Why? Because it's just a reflex あなた have when you're in an argument, and you're frustrated. It might be because あなた don't have any evidence または facts to support your side of the argument left, または maybe you're in the heat of the argument and あなた say that out of passion. Who knows… the point is it's stupid. It might not sound stupid then, but if あなた review the argument later on, あなた realize how stupid it was. What's even worse is that the person you're arguing with will probably notice that you're attacking them instead of their argument, and that doesn't give off a good impression. -.-
***
2. ad ignorantiam
When あなた state that a specific belief is true because we don't know that it's not true.
Haha! Sorry, it's just that I use this one….. A LOT. I'm Christian, and so I'm always ready to defend the existence of God, but I've never realized how often my arguments use this fallacy. Here's an example:
Atheist: God doesn't exist.
Me: Yes, He does.
Atheist: How do あなた know that?
Me: Because あなた don't know for sure that He doesn't. There isn't any real evidence.
O.O
I do this in almost any argument about religion, and I'm sure あなた do too in any kind of argument really. It's hard not to… I mean, it seems like the PERFECT response, when in fact, it isn't. I guess it's an easy-way-out, when あなた don't have any evidence to back yourself up. Heh. Quite sad really, so be careful about this one! It's hard to not use it at times..
***
3. Argument from authority
When あなた state that something is true because an individual of high authority または power says so.
"You must 愛 others because God 発言しました so." This is probably my state of mind at all times, but in this case, it isn't a bad thing because I'm not arguing with anyone, and when was loving someone a bad thing?! An example of this fallacy would be:
Person 1: Aliens exist.
Person 2: How do あなた know?
Person 1: Well, there have been UFO sightings によって airline pilots, so that's proof that they exist.
Person 2: Can あなた trust these airline pilots?
Person 1: Of course! They are trained observers, they're reliable, and don't panic in emergencies. They are completely trustworthy.
I'm not sure how many of あなた use this fallacy in your arguments, but it's understandable because it seems like common sense to trust any professional. The only thing あなた need to know is that highly educated people can sometimes be wrong~ we are human after all.
***
4. Post Hoc または Doubtful Cause
Because one event follows another, the first event must be the cause for the second.
I'm pretty sure that people do this a lot, because it seems logical, and sometimes it could be the case. However, there are other factors that can cause a situation, besides the prior event. Here is an example of this fallacy:
I didn't do my Math homework, and I failed the 次 Math test we had. My Math teacher failed me because I didn't do his/her work.
..or another example I like:
Since Obama has come into office; unemployment has increased. Obama's policies have caused もっと見る people to be unemployed.
As あなた can see, it's pretty straightforward. This fallacy is very much about assumptions, so あなた can pretty much say that whenever あなた make an assumption, あなた might be using this fallacy! Be cautious assumptive arguments.
***
5. False Analogy
Assuming a similarity between two things, people, または situations when in fact the two things being compared are not similar in any fashion.
I do this a lot, especially when I'm arguing with my brother. I guess it's because I'm trying to think of a comparison, and go with the first thing that comes to mind, which often ends up being a useless comparison. Here is an example of a false analogy:
This ミートボール パスタ tastes like heaven!
A simple harmless face…. laced with a false analogy. A ミートボール パスタ has a physical existence, whereas heaven is spiritual. Therefore, あなた cannot compare the two, because they are completely different from each other. On the other hand, あなた won't be taken to jail if あなた do, because you're merely hyperbole to express and emphasize how あなた feel about the pasta. The only time あなた shouldn't use a hyperbole is if you're trying to make a serious argument… あなた don't want to exaggerate then, but be clear and concise.
***
6. Non sequitur
When あなた make an argument in which the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.
Sounds kinda like the post hoc right? Well, it's similar in some ways, but the difference is that the post hoc is due to a lack of a casual connect, but the non sequitur fallacy is due to a lack of a logical connection. Non sequiturs are jumps in logic, that really make no sense. Here is an example, I had to take it from this site: <link> because I actually had trouble thinking of my own:
There is a God; the Bible says God created the Earth about 6000 years ago. Therefore, the world is only about 6000 years old.
I'm not sure if I even need to say much about this, because it's pretty straightforward. I can't say that I use this fallacy a lot, but あなた can think of times when あなた might have. :P
***
7. Slippery Slope
Stating that an event will result from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question.
This is one of my favorites, because I use it a lot, and I'm sure other people do too. :D Don't like.. there is one point in your life when you've done this. Probably for emphasis または something, because this fallacy seems like the kind あなた purposely use, not accidentally. Eh, any-who… Here's an example:
We have to stop global warming, otherwise in a couple of years, we'll all be dead!
…another famous one:
あなた can never give anyone a break. If あなた do, they'll walk over you.
Slippery slopes usually jump a couple of steps, so instead of going from Point A to Point B, あなた end up going from Point A to Point E. So, even though global warming is ruining our planet, and will cause HUGE issues in the future, if あなた state your argument like I did above, it sounds quite ridiculous. Even the 秒 example may be true, but あなた can't state that giving even one person a break will cause everyone to walk over you. I think all the fallacies I've mentioned have one moral: Think before あなた speak. Lol.. otherwise, あなた end up sounding quite stupid, for lack of a better word.
***
8. Straw Man
When あなた misinterpret または set up a fake/weaker example of someone's argument, and then disagree with the fake argument.
I do this a lot, except I don't even know when I do. Whenever I argue about the existence of God, I usually do this because it's just easier than trying to argue with the real argument, lol. I don't do it on purpose though, but I'm pretty sure that all them Atheists I argue with think I am.. ^.^ Here is an example:
Boy: Dad, can we get a dog?
Father: No son.
Boy: But why?
Father: Because a dog is a lot of work, and we don't have the time and patience to take care of one.
Boy: A dog would be great protection! あなた want to leave our house unprotected!
Seems kind of silly when あなた read it, but あなた probably do that everyday if your life. Face it, あなた do. Whether on purpose または not, あなた do because that's just the way it is. Great debaters always make sure to argue with the other person's argument, and not with a straw man. I am not a great debater, so I always make that mistake. It's actually REALLY hard.. あなた have no idea. It's like a subconscious thing. :P Argh, stupid straw man.
***
9. Begging the 質問 または Circular Reasoning
Making an argument in which each stage of the argument uses the 前 stage as justification.
Basically, going around in circles. I do this a lot as well, because like most of these fallacies, it just makes things easier! It also makes a lot of sense while typing the argument, but when someone points it out and あなた re-read what あなた wrote…. yeah, it looks pretty dumb. Here is an example:
Believer: God does exist.
Non-believer: How do あなた know?
Believer: Because the Bible says so.
Non-believer: How do あなた know the Bible is saying the truth?
Believer: Because it was written によって God.
I actually googled this example, and the first time I read it, I didn't see the fallacy. It seemed like a perfectly normal and valid argument to me! Hahaha! I really need to reevaluate myself. Anyway, after the 3rd read, I got it and I had to スマック myself on the forehead, because I probably use circular reasoning a lot. :P I'm sure あなた do as well… let's face it. It's just one of those things that's 秒 nature…. または maybe that's just me.
***
10. Appeal to 人気 Opinion
When あなた claim that an idea または belief is true because it's what most people believe.
Another common one, that EVERYONE uses. Don't lie to yourself, あなた do it all the time. When あなた decide to buy the new iPhone または new 音楽 album によって Rihanna, you're using this fallacy; the only reason you're buying those items is because EVERYONE says they're great. Here is an example of this fallacy:
Me: I have to go see the Avengers!
Wendy: Why?
Me: Because it's a great movie!
Wendy: How do あなた know? あなた haven't even watched it..
Me: Because everyone says it's great!
Just a side note: the Avengers actually is a pretty epic movie, so あなた should watch it. Anyway, this fallacy is very very popular, because it's usually how we make decisions in life.. lol. However, if you're an independent, strong individual, then perhaps あなた don't succumb to using this fallacy. O.o
